Schroeder · Psychological science 2017 · experimental behavioral study · n=?

The Humanizing Voice: Speech Reveals, and Text Conceals, a More Thoughtful Mind in the Midst of Disagreement.

Level 2 - randomized trial

Individual randomized laboratory experiments

PubMed 29068763 · doi:10.1177/0956797617713798 · record verified 2026-08-26

What was done

Researchers conducted four experiments evaluating whether hearing a person communicate their beliefs makes them seem more mentally capable and possess more uniquely human mental traits compared with reading the same content in text. Three experiments tested this effect during disagreements on polarizing attitudinal issues and political opinions. A fourth experiment examined specific paralinguistic vocal cues that convey mental capacity.

What was found

The abstract provides no sample sizes, effect sizes, test statistics, or p-values. The authors report that hearing a communicator explain beliefs led evaluators to judge them as more mentally capable and possessing more human mental traits than reading the same content, particularly when disagreeing, and that vocal paralinguistic cues convey basic mental capacities.

Why it matters

Communication medium alters social evaluations during conflict, suggesting that text-based interactions may amplify dehumanization of opponents while spoken communication may temper it.

Limits

The abstract reports no numerical data, sample sizes, confidence intervals, or participant demographics. It is unknown whether these laboratory-based impression effects translate to real-world reductions in political hostility or durable attitude change.

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